This example shows how to generate and decode MAC frames of the IEEE® 802.15.4™ standard [ 1 ] using the Communications Toolbox™ Library for the ZigBee® Protocol.
Background
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies the MAC and PHY layers of Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) [ 1 ]. The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY layers provide the basis of other higher-layer standards, such as ZigBee, WirelessHart®, 6LoWPAN and MiWi. Such standards find application in home automation and sensor networking and are highly relevant to the Internet of Things (IoT) trend.
Architecture
The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer inserts a MAC header and a MAC footer before and after a network-layer frame, respectively. The MAC footer contains a CRC check.
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A lrwpan.MACFrameConfig configuration object is used both in generating and decoding IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frames. Such objects describe a MAC frame and specify its frame type and all applicable properties. The lrwpan.MACFrameGenerator function accepts a lrwpan.MACFrameConfig object describing the frame, and optionally a MAC-layer payload (NET-layer frame) in bytes (two-characters), and outputs the MAC frame in bits. The lrwpan.MACFrameDecoder function accepts a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) in bits and outputs a lrwpan.MACFrameConfig object describing the frame and possibly a NET-layer frame in bytes. Clause 5 in [ 1 ] describes the MAC frame formats.
Decoding MAC Frames of Home Automation ZigBee Radios
This section decodes MAC frames transmitted from commercial ZigBee radios enabling home automation, and captured using a USRP® B200-mini radio and the Communications Toolbox Support Package for USRP® radio. The PHY layer of the captured waveforms has been decoded according to the methodology described in the Recovery of IEEE 802.15.4 OQPSK Signals example. The resulting MPDUs are stored into a MAT file:
First, a data frame is decoded:
Unit 4: Exploration Of The Universemr. Mac's Page Book
Next, an acknowledgment frame is decoded:
Generating MAC Frames
Unit 4: Exploration Of The Universemr. Mac's Page -
The lrwpan.MACFrameGenerator function can generate all MAC frame types from the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [ 1 ], i.e., 'Beacon', 'Data', 'Acknowledgment', and 'MAC Command' frame types. The MAC Command frame types can be further specified as: 'Association request', 'Association response', 'Disassociation notification', 'Data request', 'PAN ID conflict notification', 'Orphan notification', 'Beacon request', and 'GTS request'.
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This code illustrates how to generate frames for all frame types:
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Further Exploration
Download msi afterburner 3.3.0 16. You can further explore the following generator and decoding functions, as well as the configuration object:
Selected Bibliography
Architecture
The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer inserts a MAC header and a MAC footer before and after a network-layer frame, respectively. The MAC footer contains a CRC check.
Physics teacher support material 4 Investiation 1 Page 4 0.01 arc‐seconds, where 1 arc‐second is 1/3600th of a degree. Errors and uncertainties increase as distances increase because angles get smaller. 'Physics for Use with the IB Diploma Programme' by Gregg Kerr and Paul Ruth, 3rd edition, IBID Press, page 368. Unit 2: Exploration and Georgia Colonization Page Numbers – Textbook (p. 100-148) Coach (p. 38-53) CRCT Prep (19-37) I. Exploration of the New World 1. Hernando DeSoto Spanish explorer; in 1540, first person to explore Georgia 2. Small Pox Disease, from Europe, that killed many Native Americans 3. Mission Church started by Spain to convert.
A lrwpan.MACFrameConfig configuration object is used both in generating and decoding IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frames. Such objects describe a MAC frame and specify its frame type and all applicable properties. The lrwpan.MACFrameGenerator function accepts a lrwpan.MACFrameConfig object describing the frame, and optionally a MAC-layer payload (NET-layer frame) in bytes (two-characters), and outputs the MAC frame in bits. The lrwpan.MACFrameDecoder function accepts a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) in bits and outputs a lrwpan.MACFrameConfig object describing the frame and possibly a NET-layer frame in bytes. Clause 5 in [ 1 ] describes the MAC frame formats.
Decoding MAC Frames of Home Automation ZigBee Radios
This section decodes MAC frames transmitted from commercial ZigBee radios enabling home automation, and captured using a USRP® B200-mini radio and the Communications Toolbox Support Package for USRP® radio. The PHY layer of the captured waveforms has been decoded according to the methodology described in the Recovery of IEEE 802.15.4 OQPSK Signals example. The resulting MPDUs are stored into a MAT file:
First, a data frame is decoded:
Unit 4: Exploration Of The Universemr. Mac's Page Book
Next, an acknowledgment frame is decoded:
Generating MAC Frames
Unit 4: Exploration Of The Universemr. Mac's Page -
The lrwpan.MACFrameGenerator function can generate all MAC frame types from the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [ 1 ], i.e., 'Beacon', 'Data', 'Acknowledgment', and 'MAC Command' frame types. The MAC Command frame types can be further specified as: 'Association request', 'Association response', 'Disassociation notification', 'Data request', 'PAN ID conflict notification', 'Orphan notification', 'Beacon request', and 'GTS request'.
Unit 4: Exploration Of The Universemr. Mac's Pageant
This code illustrates how to generate frames for all frame types:
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Further Exploration
Download msi afterburner 3.3.0 16. You can further explore the following generator and decoding functions, as well as the configuration object:
Selected Bibliography
IEEE 802.15.4-2011 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)
